{"id":49006,"date":"2023-07-03T17:08:27","date_gmt":"2023-07-03T17:08:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/?p=49006"},"modified":"2025-09-26T18:59:30","modified_gmt":"2025-09-26T18:59:30","slug":"history-writing-in-colonial-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/history-writing-in-colonial-america\/","title":{"rendered":"History of Writing in Colonial America"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start 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fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-small-visibility in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"800\" alt=\"History of Writing in Colonial America - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" title=\"History of Writing in Colonial America &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-49048\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1-200x114.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1-400x229.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1-600x343.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1-800x457.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1-1200x686.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><div class=\"rating-container\" align=\"right\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0;\">Rate This Article<\/h4>\n<table class=\"rw-rating-table rw-ltr rw-no-labels\"><tr><td><nobr>&nbsp;<\/nobr><\/td><td><div itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Article\"><div class=\"rw-ui-container rw-class-blog-post rw-urid-490070\" data-img=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1.jpg\"><\/div><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"History of Writing in Colonial America\" \/><meta itemprop=\"headline\" content=\"History of Writing in Colonial America\" \/><span itemprop=\"image\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><meta itemprop=\"url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1.jpg\"><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"1400\"><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"800\"><\/span><span itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Person\"><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"crazycrow\"><\/span><span itemprop=\"publisher\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Organization\"><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"Crazy Crow Trading Post\"><span itemprop=\"logo\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><meta itemprop=\"url\" content=\"https:\/\/placeholdit.imgix.net\/~text?txtsize=33&amp;txt=Crazy+Crow+Trading+Post&amp;w=600&amp;h=60&amp;logo.png\"><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"600\"><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"60\"><\/span><\/span><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"Writing in the Colonial America era, was a complex technical process that required an array&hellip;\" \/><meta itemprop=\"datePublished\" content=\"2023-07-03T17:08:27+00:00\" \/><meta itemprop=\"dateModified\" content=\"2025-09-26T18:59:30+00:00\" \/><meta itemprop=\"url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/history-writing-in-colonial-america\/\" \/><meta itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntityOfPage\" itemType=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\" itemid=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/history-writing-in-colonial-america\/\"\/>\r\n                                    <div itemprop=\"aggregateRating\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/AggregateRating\">\r\n                                        <meta itemprop=\"worstRating\" content=\"0\" \/>\r\n                                        <meta itemprop=\"bestRating\" content=\"5\" \/>\r\n                                        <meta itemprop=\"ratingValue\" content=\"3.29\" \/>\r\n                                        <meta itemprop=\"ratingCount\" content=\"7\" \/>\r\n                                    <\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"line-height: 133%; margin-top: 30px; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 36px;\">History of Writing in Colonial America<\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center;\">Writing Materials &amp; Learning to Write<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Credit Above Photo: <a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/watts_photos\/19744383765\/sizes\/l\/\">Watts Photos<\/a>, All rights reserved by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/watts_photos\/\">watts_photos<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2 fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h1 style=\"line-height: 133%; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 32px;\">History of Writing<br \/>\nin Colonial America<\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"line-height: 133%; font-size: 20px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center;\">Writing Materials &amp; Learning to Write<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: red;\">By Crazy Crow Trading Post ~ July 3, 2023<\/span><br \/>\nCredit Above Photo: <a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/watts_photos\/19744383765\/sizes\/l\/\">Watts Photos<\/a>, All rights reserved by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/watts_photos\/\">watts_photos<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><p>Writing in the Colonial America era, was a complex technical process that required an array of materials and techniques, many of which were often difficult or expensive to acquire. Some of the personal writing tools used in colonial America included quill pens, ink, journals, paper, stoneware inkwells, sealing wax (the idea of separate envelopes did not exist) and portable writing desks that could be placed on another table top or in the lap.[1] Formal writing instruction was deliberately limited to certain elite classes of the time of both sexes and men of business and trade.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-small-visibility in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1507\" alt=\"History of Writing in Colonial America - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" title=\"History of Writing in Colonial America &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-13-1000x1507-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-49010\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-13-1000x1507-1-200x301.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-13-1000x1507-1-400x603.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-13-1000x1507-1-600x904.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-13-1000x1507-1-800x1206.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-13-1000x1507-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"800\" alt=\"History of Writing in Colonial America - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" title=\"History of Writing in Colonial America &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-08-1400x800-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-49011\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-08-1400x800-1-200x114.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-08-1400x800-1-400x229.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-08-1400x800-1-600x343.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-08-1400x800-1-800x457.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-08-1400x800-1-1200x686.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quill-and-ink-18th-century-writing-cnva-08-1400x800-1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Credit Above Photo: Canva<\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p>QUILL PENS date to the Dark Ages, when bird feathers replaced the hollow reeds the Romans used. Thomas Jefferson bred special geese to keep himself supplied. Because of their shape, only the five feathers at the tip of the left wing were used; left-handers could use feathers from the right wing\u2014and it was best to pull them in the spring. The trick then was to bury the feathers in hot, dry sand to harden the points, after which it was time to get your penknife out: the better the cut, the finer the script. Britain imported twenty-seven million quills a year from Russia alone to meet the demand. For almost 1,500 years, people used quill pens to write letters. By the middle of the 19th century, however, steel nibs were well on their way to ousting the quill. [10]<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-3 fusion_builder_column_inner_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2>18th Century Writing Supplies<\/h2>\n<\/div><ul style=\"--awb-size:16px;--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-custom13);--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-1 fusion-checklist-default type-icons\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-feather-alt fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><strong>Quill Pens:<\/strong> Made from birds\u2019 wing feathers, usually geese. The number of quills required to keep an American colony writing was formidable, often numbering in the thousands for a writing master at a large school. [1]<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-feather-alt fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><strong>Pen knife: <\/strong>For trimming and sharpening the quill end (nib). [9] After a couple of ink-spattered pages, it was time to retrim the nib. If you were lucky, your quill might last a week. [10]<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-feather-alt fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><strong>Gum sandarac:<\/strong> This was harvested from an African tree, was used to prepare the paper to absorb ink more evenly. It was also used to absorb ink blots during writing. As the rudimentary American papermaking industry was unable to keep up with demand, paper was largely imported after being made in England or the Netherlands. [1]<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-feather-alt fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><strong>Ink:<\/strong> Often imported, ink was sold in both powdered and liquid forms, as well as being made at home. Eighteenth-century black inks were generally made from a combination of gum arabic (a type of tree gum) and oak galls (a hard, round outgrowth created by wasps laying their eggs in oaks), both imported from the Middle East. Inkmakers combined them with copperas (iron (II) sulfate) from Europe in a variety of recipes that included cooking, soaking, or fermenting, which produced a deep black that was seen as essential for respectable correspondence and record-keeping. [1]<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-feather-alt fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><strong>Inkwell:<\/strong> Container for ink, usually with a lip and a broad and heavy base to prevent drips or spillage. [9]<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-feather-alt fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><strong>Sealing Wax:<\/strong> Before the invention of the envelope in the 19th century an essential part of a letter was the seal, which could be made of a colored flour disc called a wafer or costlier sealing wax. 18th century newspapers ads placed by stationers frequently advertised both, along with paper, pens, ink, reading glasses, and other writing essentials. [1]<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-feather-alt fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><strong>Paper:<\/strong> In the 18th century, made from linen or cotton rags; sometimes sized (treated with gelatin) to prevent the absorbtion of ink. [9]<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-feather-alt fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><strong>Pounce:<\/strong> powder made from cuttlefish bone or sand, sometimes mixed with rosin, used as a blotter to prevent ink from bleeding on or through paper. [9]<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-4 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-small-visibility in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"913\" height=\"993\" alt=\"Benjamin Randolph after a design by Thomas Jefferson. Portable writing desk, Philadelphia, 1776. - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" title=\"Benjamin Randolph after a design by Thomas Jefferson. Portable writing desk, Philadelphia, 1776. &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-913x993-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-49023\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-913x993-1-200x218.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-913x993-1-400x435.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-913x993-1-600x653.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-913x993-1-800x870.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-913x993-1.jpg 913w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"800\" alt=\"Benjamin Randolph after a design by Thomas Jefferson. Portable writing desk, Philadelphia, 1776. - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" title=\"Benjamin Randolph after a design by Thomas Jefferson. Portable writing desk, Philadelphia, 1776. &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-1400x800-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-49027\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-1400x800-1-200x114.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-1400x800-1-400x229.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-1400x800-1-600x343.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-1400x800-1-800x457.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-1400x800-1-1200x686.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-flickr-01-1400x800-1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Credit Above Photo: <a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jefferson%27s%2Bdeskdetail.jpg\">National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution<\/a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons<\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-5 fusion_builder_column_inner_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2>Thomas Jefferson&#8217;s Portable Desk<\/h2>\n<p>Thomas Jefferson&#8217;s portable desk, of his own design [2], features a hinged writing board and a locking drawer for papers, pens, and inkwell. This desk continued to be Jefferson&#8217;s companion throughout his life as a revolutionary patriot, American diplomat and president of the United States. While the drafts of the Declaration of Independence were among the first documents Jefferson wrote on this desk, the note he attached under the writing board in 1825 was among the last: &#8220;Politics as well as Religion has its superstitions. These, gaining strength with time, may, one day, give imaginary value to this relic, for its great association with the birth of the Great Charter of our Independence.&#8221; [3]<\/p>\n<p>As the delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress in 1776, Jefferson had the \u201cwriting box,\u201d as he called it, built by a Philadelphia cabinetmaker named Benjamin Randolph. It\u2019s made of mahogany and is about 10 inches long by 14 inches wide by 3 inches deep, but it does a lot with the limited space. The desk includes a folding board attached to the top to increase the writing surface, as well as a lockable drawer with space for paper, pens and a glass inkwell. [11]<\/p>\n<p>On Nov. 14, 1825, Jefferson wrote to his recently married granddaughter Ellen Randolph Coolidge to inform her that he was sending his &#8220;writing box&#8221; as a present to her husband Joseph Coolidge. The desk remained in the Coolidge family until April 1880, when the family donated it to the U.S. government. It was transferred to the Smithsonian in 1921.[3]<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2>How has the design of the portable writing desk change over time?<\/h2>\n<p>Of course the design of portable writing desks as well as the materials used in crafting them has changed over time. In the European tradition, the lap desk can be considered a modern form of the portable desk [4]. Antique lap desks were often strongly built of fine hardwoods like mahogany or walnut and had hinged writing surfaces, often covered in leather, felt, or other material, that flipped up to reveal storage space for papers. Individual compartments were designed to hold inkwells, pens, sealing wax, and other contemporary writing materials. Some desks also had concealed storage compartments [4]. Modern lap desks are meant primarily for use in bed and other similar circumstances and are much smaller and simpler than antique lap desks. They are also made of much cheaper materials [4].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2>Learning Reading &amp; Writing in the 18th &amp; 19th Centuries<\/h2>\n<p>Prior to the early twentieth century, reading and writing were taught to children at different ages as separate skills. Typically children learned to read around the ages of 4 to 7, while writing instruction was delayed till between ages 9 and 12. This delay allowed children to develop the manual dexterity to use a quill pen, and to focus on the oral-based reading instruction of the period. Another challenge that beginners faced was immediately learning to write in &#8220;cursive&#8221;, or script, since &#8220;print&#8221; handwriting, so-called because it mirrored printed type, was reserved for specialized uses like labeling parcels. [1]<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-6 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-small-visibility in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1255\" alt=\"The New England Primer - History of Writing in Colonial America by Crazy Crow Trading Post\" title=\"The New England Primer &#8211; History of Writing in Colonial America by Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-cover-1000x1255-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-49029\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-cover-1000x1255-1-200x251.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-cover-1000x1255-1-400x502.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-cover-1000x1255-1-600x753.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-cover-1000x1255-1-800x1004.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-cover-1000x1255-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-8 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"800\" alt=\"The New England Primer - History of Writing in Colonial America by Crazy Crow Trading Post\" title=\"The New England Primer &#8211; History of Writing in Colonial America by Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-pg8-9-1400x800-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-49030\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-pg8-9-1400x800-1-200x114.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-pg8-9-1400x800-1-400x229.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-pg8-9-1400x800-1-600x343.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-pg8-9-1400x800-1-800x457.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-pg8-9-1400x800-1-1200x686.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/555954image_id1227769-conservapedia-new-england-primer-pg8-9-1400x800-1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Credit Above Photo: <a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"http:\/\/brbl-dl.library.yale.edu\/vufind\/Record\/3555954?image_id=1227769\">1764 edition, public domain, Conservapedia<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>The New England Primer was the first reading primer designed for the American colonies. It became the most successful educational textbook published in 17th-century colonial United States and it became the foundation of most schooling before the 1790s. In the 17th century, the schoolbooks in use had been Bibles brought over from England. By 1690, Boston publishers were reprinting the English Protestant Tutor under the title of The New England Primer. The Primer included additional material that made it widely popular with colonial schools until it was supplanted by Noah Webster&#8217;s Blue Back Speller after 1790.[12]<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-7 fusion_builder_column_inner_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><p>John Locke wrote in the late 17th century that the best way to get a child to write was &#8220;to get a plate graved with the characters of such a hand as you like best&#8230; let several sheets of good writing-paper be printed off with red ink, which he has nothing to do but go over with a good pen fill\u2019d with black ink&#8221;, a pedagogical method that remained constant throughout the eighteenth century.1 From letters students moved on to copy increasingly complex sentences and letters. Advanced students sometimes combined their lessons in mathematics and languages into elaborate manuscripts, as George Washington did in an exercise book concerning geometry when he was 12. [6]<\/p>\n<p>The division of literacy education into two distinct and sequentially separated skills meant that the inability to write did not necessarily imply an inability to read. While basic reading ability in America in the eighteenth century was widely considered to be a spiritual necessity regardless of a person&#8217;s class, gender, or race, writing instruction was deliberately limited to elite whites of both sexes and men of business and trade.<\/p>\n<p>Good penmanship was an essential skill for merchants. &#8220;Writing is the First Step, and Essential in furnishing out the Man of Business,&#8221; wrote the English teacher and author Thomas Watts in 1716, and business manuals throughout the eighteenth century tied good handwriting directly to a merchant\u2019s reputation and credit. [7]<\/p>\n<p>These manuals made it clear that business handwriting should be easy to read and quick to write. They advised those destined for the clerk\u2019s desk or the merchant\u2019s counting house to adopt a bold and neat hand (an 18th century term for script) such as the round hand, or the quick running hand. The latter could be written more quickly because its letters were sloped and connected to one another.<\/p>\n<p>Developing proper handwriting was an essential part of the social education of the 18th-century gentleman as well. In contrast to merchants, writing manuals suggested young gentlemen practice until their handwriting looked effortless, easy, and disengaged. To achieve this end, penmanship books often recommended a variant on the running hand that would mark the genteel writer as distinct from the mercantile scrivener. Thomas Jefferson commented that George Washington &#8220;wrote readily, rather diffusely, in an easy correct style.&#8221; [8]<\/p>\n<p>Among women, writing was a skill largely restricted to elite gentry in the early 18th century. Female literacy increased over the course of the 18th century as it became a necessary polite refinement for the upwardly mobile as well as household management.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><p>Girls often learned in private settings from relatives or tutors, or in private female academies, where writing was taught as an accomplishment alongside skills like needlework and musical ability. Ideally their round or running hand would reflect the writer\u2019s feminine sensibilities.<\/p>\n<p>In areas of colonial America with public schools, such as Massachusetts, boys destined for business often learned in publically-funded writing schools. Children in the German-speaking areas of Pennsylvania often learned to write in mixed-gender church and fee-funded schools, and children and adults of both sexes learned to write from private tutors or at home throughout the colonies.<\/p>\n<p>The forms for handwriting were conveyed through penmanship books, which were usually illustrated with costly copperplate engravings and almost exclusively imported into America before the 1790s. Many penmanship manuals also contained introductions to grammar, arithmetic, and accounting.<\/p>\n<p>The categorization of different scripts by class and gender was reflected in the copy-phrases used in penmanship manuals: phrases for women and elite men often used moral maxims, while copy-books aimed at aspiring clerks contained bills and arithmetic problems.<\/p>\n<p>Letter writing manuals grew in popularity as correspondence became a fashionable hobby for the upwardly-mobile in the mid-eighteenth century. These books advised correspondents on the various conventions of writing a letter, as well as the correct ways to address and seal it.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-has-icon\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;width:100%;max-width:90%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:#cecece;border-color:#cecece;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><span class=\"icon-wrapper\" style=\"border-color:#cecece;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;margin-top:-0.5px\"><i class=\"fa-campground fas\" style=\"font-size: inherit;color:#cecece;\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:#cecece;border-color:#cecece;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><h2 style=\"font-size: 22px; color: red;\">Resources<\/h2>\n<\/div><ul style=\"--awb-size:16px;--awb-iconcolor:#ff0000;--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-2 fusion-checklist-default type-numbered\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">1<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/writing-in-the-18th-century\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Writing in the 18th Century, George Washington&#8217;s Mount Vernon<\/a>.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">2<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/americanhistory.si.edu\/collections\/search\/object\/nmah_513641\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Declaration of Independence Desk | National Museum of American History. <\/a>.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">3<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/www.si.edu\/newsdesk\/snapshot\/thomas-jeffersons-desk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Jefferson&#8217;s Desk | Smithsonian Institution<\/a>. .<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">4<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lap_desk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lap desk &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a>.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">5<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">Locke, John. Some Thoughts Concerning Education. London, 1693. Reprint, Pitt Press, Cambridge, 1898, 136.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">6<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/mgw1a.002\/?sp=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington, George. George Washington Papers, Series 1, Exercise Books, Diaries, and Surveys -99, Subseries 1A,Exercise Books -1747: School Copy Book, Volume 1. 1745<\/a>.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">7<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt5vk747\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">7 Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America on JSTOR<\/a>.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">8<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/www.k12academics.com\/history-education-united-states\/colonial-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colonial Era Education in the United States | K12 Academics<\/a>.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">9<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.harvard.edu\/c.php?g=647658&amp;p=4542059\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harvard University Archives, HIST 1002: The American Revolutionary War. Transcription session, March 30, 2017<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">10<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/research.colonialwilliamsburg.org\/Foundation\/journal\/Winter07\/lettersSide.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colonial Williamsburg Journal : Winter 2007 : The Quill Pen<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">11<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mentalfloss.com\/article\/65051\/thomas-jeffersons-laptop-writing-desk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Laptop Writing Desk, Caitlin Schneider, Mental Floss Jun 12, 2015<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\">12<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a class=\"blueUL\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_England_Primer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New England Primer<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-has-icon\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;width:100%;max-width:90%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:#cecece;border-color:#cecece;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><span class=\"icon-wrapper\" style=\"border-color:#cecece;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;margin-top:-0.5px\"><i class=\"fa-campground fas\" style=\"font-size: inherit;color:#cecece;\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:#cecece;border-color:#cecece;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><h2>Select 18th-19th Century Historic Reenactor, Rendezvous, Shooter &amp; Camp Products from Crazy Crow<\/h2>\n<p>Whatever your historic reenactor needs (other than guns), Crazy Crow Trading Post has it! As the largest supplier of Native American Indian crafts and craft supplies (which are what rendezvous-lovers use as well) we have everything for all types of mountain man clothes and gear. From head to foot, we can outfit you (or help you make your own) to get you ready for your first (or fifty-first) mountain man rendezvous or black powder shooting event. We also supply French &amp; Indian War, American Revolutionary War, War of 1812, and American Civil War reenactors as well.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-8 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;width:48%; margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><ul style=\"--awb-size:16px;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-custom13);--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-3 fusion-checklist-default type-icons\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/mountain-man-rendezvous-craft-kits\">Mountain Man Rendezvous Craft Kits<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/mountain-man-moccasins-and-accessories\">Mountain Man Moccasins, Footwear &amp; Accessories<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/mountain-men-clothing\">Mountain Men Clothing for Rendezvous and Camp<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/native-american-craft-supplies\">Craft Supplies: Beads, Leather, Feathers &amp; more..<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/tomahawks-pipe-axes-smoking-hawks\">Tomahawks &amp; Camp Axes<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/ready-made-knives\">Frontier &amp; Mountain Man Knives<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/mountain-man-rendezvous-patterns\">Mountain Man &amp; Rendezvous Patterns<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/mountain-man-hats\">Mountain Man Hats, Caps, Headgear<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-9 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;width:48%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><ul style=\"--awb-size:16px;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-custom13);--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-4 fusion-checklist-default type-icons\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/rendezvous-clothing\/\">Getting Dressed Up for Your First Mountain Man Rendezvous!<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/american-colonial-clothing-and-accessories\/\">American Colonial Clothing &amp; Accessories<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/french-and-indian-war-reenactment\">French &amp; Indian War Reenactment<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/revolutionary-war-reenactment\">American Revolutionary War Reenactment<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/war-of-1812-reenactment\">War of 1812 Reenactment<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/american-civil-war-reenactment\">American Civil War Reenactment<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/leather-supply\">Leather Crafts Supply<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/furs-faces-tails\">Animal Furs, Faces &amp; Tails<\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-check fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/knife-making-supply\">Knife Making Supply<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><p style=\"margin-top: 20px;\"><strong>18th &amp; 19th Century American Historic Reenactor &amp; Rendezvous Camp Central: <\/strong> We\u2019re also your <a href=\"\/camp-decor-and-camp-supplies\">historic reenactor, rendezvous &amp; primitive camping supply<\/a> center too. From cast iron firetools and cookware to wedge tents and a great selection of personal gear, we\u2019ll have everything to make your stay at the French &amp; Indian War, Revolutionary War, War of 1812, rendezvous, buckskinner, voyageur, Civil War or just your own primitive camping more authentic and enjoyable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-last fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-left:30px;--awb-bg-color:#ffffff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#ffffff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#cecece;--awb-border-left:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 30px ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2 style=\"margin-top: 30px; color: #d71e21; text-align: center; font-size: 24px;\">Rendezvous &amp; Historic Reenactment Articles<\/h2>\n<\/div><ul style=\"--awb-size:16px;--awb-iconcolor:#d71e21;--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-5 fusion-checklist-default type-icons\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/articles\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Articles Overview<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/around-the-camp-articles\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Around The Camp Articles<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/bead-quillwork-articles\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Bead &amp; Quillwork Articles<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/featured-products\/book-previews\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Book Reviews<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/craft-focus-articles\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Craft Focus Articles<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/history-related-articles\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">History Related Articles<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/knife-related-articles\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Knife Related Articles<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/rawhide-and-paint-articles\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Rawhide &amp; Paint Articles<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2 style=\"margin-top: 30px; color: #d71e21; text-align: center; font-size: 24px;\">Rendezvous &amp; Historic Reenactment Resources<\/h2>\n<\/div><ul style=\"--awb-size:16px;--awb-iconcolor:#d71e21;--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-6 fusion-checklist-default type-icons\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/craftworkers\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Craft Workers<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/pictorials-and-photos\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Frontier Pictorial &amp; Photo Collections<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/historic-sites\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Historic Sites: American Frontier<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/magazines-and-publications\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Magazines &amp; Publications<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/frontier-and-mountain-man-museums\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Mountain Man &amp; Historic Reenactor Museum <\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/portals\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Muzzleloader &amp; Historic Reenactor Web Portals<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/muzzleloaders-and-longrifles\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Muzzleloaders &amp; Longrifle Resources<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/muzzleloader-associations\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Muzzleloader &amp; Rendezvous Associations<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/rendezvous-history-resources\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Rendezvous &amp; Frontier History Resources<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/rendezvous-crafts\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Rendezvous &amp; Fur Trade Era Crafts<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon fa-angle-double-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><a href=\"\/site\/resources\/other-rendezvous-resources\/\"><span class=\"blueUL\">Other Rendezvous Resources<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:30px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-10 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-9 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"\/crow-calls\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"May-June Crow Calls Sale &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"700\" alt=\"May-June Crow Calls Sale - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/cctp-may-june-2026-crow-calls-01B-1400x700-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-55168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/cctp-may-june-2026-crow-calls-01B-1400x700-1-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/cctp-may-june-2026-crow-calls-01B-1400x700-1-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/cctp-may-june-2026-crow-calls-01B-1400x700-1-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/cctp-may-june-2026-crow-calls-01B-1400x700-1-800x400.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/cctp-may-june-2026-crow-calls-01B-1400x700-1-1200x600.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/cctp-may-june-2026-crow-calls-01B-1400x700-1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><h2 style=\"line-height: 133%; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; font-size: 32px;\">Current Crow Calls Sale<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000; font-size: 18px;\">May \u2013 June<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"color: #000;\">SAVE 10%-25% on on popular powwow, rendezvous, historic reenactor, bead &amp; leather crafter supplies. Powwow, Rendezvous, and Reenactment season is here! Save on many of our like 100% Wool Sawtooth Edge Stroud Cloth, Northern Style Domed Conchos in German Silver, Brass or Copper; Bison Splits Leather, Popular Frontier Knives, Shell Discs &amp; Hearts up to 3\u2033; Strikers, Green River Knife Blades; Beading, Sharps &amp; Glovers Needles &amp; so much more!<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-3 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_accent_hover_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_hover_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale\" aria-label=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale\" href=\"\/crow-calls\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">LEARN MORE<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:75%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-11 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-10 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"\/wool-trade-cloth\/3-band-wool-broadcloth\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"3-Band Broadcloth Sale &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"700\" alt=\"3-Band Broadcloth Sale - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/3600-085-3-band-broadcloth-10pct-sale-1400x700-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-55247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/3600-085-3-band-broadcloth-10pct-sale-1400x700-1-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/3600-085-3-band-broadcloth-10pct-sale-1400x700-1-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/3600-085-3-band-broadcloth-10pct-sale-1400x700-1-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/3600-085-3-band-broadcloth-10pct-sale-1400x700-1-800x400.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/3600-085-3-band-broadcloth-10pct-sale-1400x700-1-1200x600.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/3600-085-3-band-broadcloth-10pct-sale-1400x700-1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter fusion-align-inline-medium\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-4 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_accent_hover_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_hover_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale products\" aria-label=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale products\" href=\"\/wool-trade-cloth\/3-band-wool-broadcloth\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">LEARN MORE<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:75%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-12 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-11 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"\/crow-calls-sale\/northern-style-polished-conchos\/\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"May-June Crow Calls Sale- Save 15% on Northern Style Domed Conchos &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"425\" alt=\"May-June Crow Calls Sale- Save 15% on Northern Style Domed Conchos - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/02-5530-conchos01-SALE-text-850x425.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-39274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/02-5530-conchos01-SALE-text-850x425-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/02-5530-conchos01-SALE-text-850x425-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/02-5530-conchos01-SALE-text-850x425-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/02-5530-conchos01-SALE-text-850x425-800x400.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-5 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_accent_hover_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_hover_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale products\" aria-label=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale products\" href=\"\/historic-reenactment-1800s-clothing\/double-breasted-waistcoat\/\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">LEARN MORE<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:75%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-13 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-12 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"\/crow-calls-sale\/early-american-frontier-knives\/\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"Select Frontier Knife Sale &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"425\" alt=\"Select Frontier Knife Sale - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/frontie-knives-may-jun-2024-15pct-850x425-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-51658\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/frontie-knives-may-jun-2024-15pct-850x425-1-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/frontie-knives-may-jun-2024-15pct-850x425-1-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/frontie-knives-may-jun-2024-15pct-850x425-1-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/frontie-knives-may-jun-2024-15pct-850x425-1-800x400.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/frontie-knives-may-jun-2024-15pct-850x425-1.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter fusion-align-inline-medium\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-6 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_accent_hover_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_hover_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s Crow Calls Sale products\" aria-label=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s Crow Calls Sale products\" href=\"\/crow-calls-sale\/early-american-frontier-knives\/\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">LEARN MORE<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:75%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-14 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-13 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"\/native-american-herbs\/white-sage\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"White Sage Sale &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"700\" alt=\"White Sage Sale - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/6035-020-800-white-sage-whtbg-01-1400x700-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-53720\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/6035-020-800-white-sage-whtbg-01-1400x700-1-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/6035-020-800-white-sage-whtbg-01-1400x700-1-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/6035-020-800-white-sage-whtbg-01-1400x700-1-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/6035-020-800-white-sage-whtbg-01-1400x700-1-800x400.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/6035-020-800-white-sage-whtbg-01-1400x700-1-1200x600.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/6035-020-800-white-sage-whtbg-01-1400x700-1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter fusion-align-inline-medium\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-7 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_accent_hover_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_hover_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale product offers.\" aria-label=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale product offers.\" href=\"\/native-american-herbs\/white-sage\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">LEARN MORE<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:75%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-15 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-14 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"\/wool-trade-cloth\/sawtooth-edge-broadcloth-100pct-wool-54in-wide\/\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"Sawtooth Edge Broadcloth Sale &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"600\" alt=\"Sawtooth Edge Broadcloth Sale - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/3602-100-sawtooth-broadcloth-10pct-01-1200x600-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-47926\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/3602-100-sawtooth-broadcloth-10pct-01-1200x600-1-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/3602-100-sawtooth-broadcloth-10pct-01-1200x600-1-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/3602-100-sawtooth-broadcloth-10pct-01-1200x600-1-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/3602-100-sawtooth-broadcloth-10pct-01-1200x600-1-800x400.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/3602-100-sawtooth-broadcloth-10pct-01-1200x600-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter fusion-align-inline-medium\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-8 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_accent_hover_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_hover_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale product discounts.\" aria-label=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale product discounts.\" href=\"\/wool-trade-cloth\/sawtooth-edge-broadcloth-100pct-wool-54in-wide\/\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">LEARN MORE<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:75%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-16 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-15 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"\/shell-discs\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"Crow Calls Shell Disc Sale\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"425\" alt=\"Crow Calls Shell Disc Sale\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/11-2500-shell-disc-sale-button01-text-850x425-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-41565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/11-2500-shell-disc-sale-button01-text-850x425-1-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/11-2500-shell-disc-sale-button01-text-850x425-1-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/11-2500-shell-disc-sale-button01-text-850x425-1.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter fusion-align-inline-medium\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-9 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_accent_hover_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_hover_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale product specials.\" aria-label=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale product specials.\" href=\"\/shell-discs\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">LEARN MORE<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:75%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-17 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-16 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"\/buffalo-leather\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"Bison Splits Sale &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"425\" alt=\"Bison Splits Sale - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/07-10pct-1612-9-850x425-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-45791\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/07-10pct-1612-9-850x425-1-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/07-10pct-1612-9-850x425-1-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/07-10pct-1612-9-850x425-1-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/07-10pct-1612-9-850x425-1-800x400.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/07-10pct-1612-9-850x425-1.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter fusion-align-inline-medium\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-10 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_accent_hover_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_hover_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale &amp; Specials\" aria-label=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s bi-monthly Crow Calls Sale &amp; Specials\" href=\"\/buffalo-leather\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">LEARN MORE<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:75%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-color:var(--awb-custom15);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-18 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-17 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"\/native-american-style-home-decor\/southwest-design-doormats\/\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"Native American Design Doormats Sale &#8211; Crazy Crow Trading Post\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"700\" alt=\"Native American Design Doormats Sale - Crazy Crow Trading Post\" src=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0214-320-door-mats-15pct-01a-1400x700-1.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-53721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0214-320-door-mats-15pct-01a-1400x700-1-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0214-320-door-mats-15pct-01a-1400x700-1-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0214-320-door-mats-15pct-01a-1400x700-1-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0214-320-door-mats-15pct-01a-1400x700-1-800x400.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0214-320-door-mats-15pct-01a-1400x700-1-1200x600.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0214-320-door-mats-15pct-01a-1400x700-1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter fusion-align-inline-medium\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-11 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_accent_hover_color:var(--awb-color1);--button_border_hover_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_top_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:var(--awb-custom13);\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s Crow Calls Sale offers.\" aria-label=\"Learn more about Crazy Crow Trading Post&#039;s Crow Calls Sale offers.\" href=\"\/native-american-style-home-decor\/southwest-design-doormats\/\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">LEARN MORE<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: 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style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:center;--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h4 style=\"text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0;\">Rate This Article<\/h4>\n<table class=\"rw-rating-table rw-ltr rw-no-labels\"><tr><td><nobr>&nbsp;<\/nobr><\/td><td><div itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Article\"><div class=\"rw-ui-container rw-class-blog-post rw-urid-490070\" data-img=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1.jpg\"><\/div><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"History of Writing in Colonial America\" \/><meta itemprop=\"headline\" content=\"History of Writing in Colonial America\" \/><span itemprop=\"image\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><meta itemprop=\"url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0031-Colonial-Williamsburg-Va-writing-desk-19744383765_892941742b_o-1400x800-1.jpg\"><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"1400\"><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"800\"><\/span><span itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Person\"><meta itemprop=\"name\" 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itemid=\"https:\/\/www.crazycrow.com\/site\/history-writing-in-colonial-america\/\"\/>\r\n                                    <div itemprop=\"aggregateRating\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/AggregateRating\">\r\n                                        <meta itemprop=\"worstRating\" content=\"0\" \/>\r\n                                        <meta itemprop=\"bestRating\" content=\"5\" \/>\r\n                                        <meta itemprop=\"ratingValue\" content=\"3.29\" \/>\r\n                                        <meta itemprop=\"ratingCount\" content=\"7\" \/>\r\n                                    <\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Writing in the Colonial America era, was a complex technical process that required an array of materials and techniques, many of which were often difficult or expensive to acquire. Some of the personal writing tools used in colonial America included quill pens, ink, journals, paper, stoneware inkwells, sealing wax (the idea of separate envelopes did not exist) and portable writing desks that could be placed on another table top or in the lap. Formal writing instruction was deliberately limited to certain elite classes of the time of both sexes and men of business and trade. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":49048,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[64,14,15],"tags":[30081,30082,30085,30083,30084],"class_list":["post-49006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-around-the-camp","category-main-article-categories","category-history","tag-colonial-american-writing","tag-history-of-colonial-american-writing","tag-learning-reading-and-writing-in-the-18th-century","tag-new-england-primer","tag-thomas-jeffersons-portable-desk"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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